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General Information
General information
1. Project Background and Necessity
Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, has faced critical challenges due to rapid urbanization and population growth, including severe traffic congestion, rising air pollution, and an insufficient public transportation system that struggles to meet demand.
• Population Growth: As of 2023, Ulaanbaatar’s total population reached 1,640,781 and is expected to grow to 2,089,807 by 2040, reflecting an increase of approximately 449,027 people with a projected CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 3.5%.
• Increase in Vehicles: Since 2015, the number of registered vehicles has grown by about 5% annually, reaching 697,870 by 2023, which is a major cause of traffic congestion.
• Environmental Issues: Air pollution in Ulaanbaatar is recognized as a top priority by both the national and city governments.
• Limitations of the Existing Public Transport: Currently, the main mode of public transportation in Ulaanbaatar is large-capacity buses, with 1,189 buses registered as of 2020. However, this system alone cannot adequately meet the increasing transport demand. To address these issues and promote sustainable urban development, the introduction of a modern metro system has been deemed essential to transform Ulaanbaatar’s public transport network.
2. Existing Studies and Updated Feasibility Analysis
• Initial Feasibility Study in 2013: In 2013, JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) conducted an initial feasibility study (FS) for the “Ulaanbaatar Urban Transport Project,” which proposed the development of Ulaanbaatar Metro Line 1 (UBM1) as a key component of the urban public transport network. The study included traffic demand analysis, cost estimates, economic feasibility, and environmental and social impact assessments.
• Updated Feasibility Study in 2024: Since the completion of the initial study in 2013, continuous urban growth, population dynamics, economic conditions, and technological advancements in Ulaanbaatar have necessitated a thorough review and update in 2024. The updated feasibility study was conducted by a specialized research team comprising a project director, urban transport planners, and economic and financial analysts.
3. Key Features of Ulaanbaatar Metro Line 1
• Route: The line extends from W7 Station (Tolgoit) in the west to E7 Station (Amgalan) in the east. “Peace Avenue,” which concentrates most urban facilities and traffic, serves as the main corridor for the metro line. An integrated depot will be established along the line for vehicle inspection, maintenance, and overnight parking.
• Total Length and Structure: The line spans a total length of 19.4 km, primarily underground (19.1 km) with only 0.3 km above ground.
• Number of Stations: There will be 15 stations in total (14 underground and 1 above ground). Typically, the underground stations will have three levels, with the track level located 25 meters below the surface, securing space for underground passageways and utility installations.
• Construction Methods: The underground stations are generally planned to be constructed using the cut-and-cover method, while the tunnels between stations are proposed to use the shield TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) method. This shield method effectively prevents groundwater infiltration and minimizes ground subsidence.
• Systems: Advanced systems such as Train Control and Monitoring Systems (TCMS), fiber-optic transmission systems, and wireless communication networks (WAN) will be installed. Power supply will use a DC 1500V system with emergency generator sets.
4. Expected Benefits of the Metro Project
• Alleviation of Traffic Congestion and Enhanced Efficiency: The metro will dramatically reduce urban traffic congestion and provide fast, efficient mobility, shortening commuting times for citizens. Existing bus routes will be reorganized to serve as feeder lines integrated with the metro system.
• Economic Contribution and Job Creation: The construction and operation of the metro are expected to generate new employment opportunities during both the construction and operational phases, significantly contributing to regional economic growth.
• Environmental Improvements: The introduction of the metro will encourage reduced private vehicle use, thereby lowering air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
• Promotion of Urban Development (TOD): Transit-oriented development centered around the metro will create synergy effects that enhance Ulaanbaatar’s socio-economic growth, attract investments, create jobs, and improve environmental outcomes.
• Utilization of Underground Space: Plans include developing underground pedestrian passages and commercial spaces connecting stations and nearby buildings, creating a convenient and pleasant underground urban environment that can be used even during harsh winter conditions.
